Monday, April 19, 1999
Announcements:

• Film on Wednesday
• Final Exam for SECTION 2: Monday, May 3, 1999, 8:00 am at 108 Forum

1. Education (continued)

1. Problems in Education (continued)

1. Conflict Perspective (continued)

1. Tracking and Social Inequality – Students from upper class families go to good schools while students from lower class attend vocational schools.
2. Capitalism – Education reflects capitalist thinking and legitimates the current economic order
3. Hidden Curriculum – latent function of education – the elite manipulate society and teach values that uphold the status quo
4. Private and Public schools – Public school education consists of mindless memorization. Poor kids have bad schools because of low tax base and they cannot afford top quality teachers. Private schools – there is an environment which is good for learning – rich kids can afford the PHD teachers who in turn emphasize critical analytical thinking and creativity
5. Unequal access to higher education – access is better if you are rich. 80% of kids from families who make over $65,000 a year go to college
6. Education and Race – 26% of whites in the age group of 25-39 have bachelor degrees while only 15% of African Americans and 8.9% of Hispanics of the same age group have bachelor degrees
7. Higher education = Higher income

1. The Interactionist Perspective

1. Hidden Curriculum (same argument as the Conflictists)
2. Standardized tests lead to labeling and self fulfilling prophecy – People who do poorly on the tests see themselves as special ed. Students and they begin to believe that they will not do well in life. The student who does well is praised and feels confident about his/her abilities.
3. Cultural Capital: Rich kids have it, poor kids don’t

1. Population (use for film)

1. Demography – study of population size, composition (sex, race, age), distribution of population and what are its consequences
2. Causes of Population change – Fertility (Birth), Mortality (Death), and Migration (Move from one place to another).

1. Fertility – the number of children born to women.

1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = the number of live births per 1,000 members of population in a given year
2. Total Fertility Rate (not age specific) – total number of children born by women until their menopausal age
3. General Fertility Rate (GFR) – Annual number of live births from women ages 15-44
4. Age Specific Fertility – number of live births per 1,000 women in a specific age group
5. Fecundity – biological capacity of women to have children – a person can be biologically capable of having 20 kids

1. Mortality

1. Crude Death Rate (CDR, same as CBR) – number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year
2. Age Specific Death Rate
3. Zero Population Growth (ZPG) – when a population replaces itself – it doesn’t change from year to year as a result of birth, death, and migration. On average, women should have 2.1 children per women of childbearing age
4. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – number of deaths among infants less than one year old per 1,000 live births (this excludes abortions). Afghanistan has the highest IMR – in US, African Americans have a higher IMR than whites

1. Migration – immigration and emigration

1. Net Migration Rate – increase and decrease per 1,000 members of population resulting from immigration and emigration
2. Push/Pull Theory – Push factors – people move because they are pushed (economic reasons, natural disaster, war). Pull factors – factors which attract people to move into a country (often economic reasons) This is not forced migration
3. Population Growth Rate: Difference between birth and death rate and the difference between immigration and emigration = growth rate

1. Thomas Malthus: British 18^th century clergyman – noticed a high birth rate

1. Passion between the sexes
2. Population increases at a geometric progression (2,4,8,16) – exponential growth rate
3. Food increases at arithmetic progression (2,3,4,5)
4. Conclusion: Population growth outstrips the food supply – it has negative consequences, which are misery, hunger, death, poverty, etc. Population growth = rabbit; Food = turtle. Because of Green Revolution, most developing countries are self sufficient when it comes to food
5. Positive checks to contain population growth – famine, disease, war
6. Preventive checks to contain population growth – birth control, abstinence, delayed marriage
7. Moral Restraint – abstinence
8. Prudential Constraint
9. Poverty
10. Neo-Malthusians Differ:

1. Environmental Degradation
2. People should use artificial birth control
3. Affluent countries exploit environment

1. Karl Marx

1. Problems of population (poverty) are related to societal organization. Capitalists are greedy and create a lack of food supply
2. Economic forces