Friday, February 5^th, 1999
Announcements:

• One of the TA’s will have office hours on Monday at 1:15 in 212 Oswald to go over any notes that were missed in the first 2 weeks of class

1. Socialization (continued)

1. John B. Watson – Instincts are learned from a structured environment; behavior is modified by a highly structured environment that has constant rewards and punishment. Example: Parents reward their children for doing good and punish their children to discourage them from doing something bad.
2. Margaret Meade – agrees with Watson – says that the differences between people occur because of cultural conditioning.
3. Sigmund Freud – Said there are three parts to personality: id, ego, and superego.

1. Id – Innate biological drives (food, sex, warmth) that include Eros (basic drives) and thenatos (aggressiveness)
2. Ego – ‘I’ – balances the id and the superego.
3. Superego – Societal values within us
4. Sublimation – process of subordinating the basic drives to societal expectations. Example: A student could have stayed home today but they came to class anyway. The id became sublimated to the superego.
5. Freud also says that people internalize societal norms and childhood experiences and they have long-lasting effects well into adulthood.

1. Jean Piaget: The 4 stages of cognitive and moral development

1. The Sensory Motor Stage (0-2 years) - these children experience life through touching, looking, sucking, and listening. They figure out towards the end of this stage that objects continue to exist even if they don’t see them – object permanence. Example: A child is amazed by the game of peek-a-boo.
2. The Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years) – Children start to understand language and symbols. Cannot abstractly conceive size, weight, and volume. Example: If you take 2 identical amounts of water and put one in a thin, tall glass and the other in a wide, short glass, the kids are most likely to think the thin, tall glass contains more water.
3. The Concrete-Operational Stage (7-11 years) – They can recognize size, weight, and volume and are starting to think more logically.
4. The Formal-Operational Stage (12 years) – Children have abstract thoughts and imagination and start thinking about religion, politics, and sex.

1. G.H. Cooley: Development of Self – "Looking-glass self" – Social Mirror – societal reactions to us. Example: The Ugly Duckling. People think they look a certain way because of how others react to them. Social interaction leads to perceptions about yourself. 3 things that happen that determine one’s self image:

1. Imagination – we imagine our appearance. Example: Sit in front of a mirror and imagine what others think about us.
2. Interpretation – we imagine how others judge us.
3. Development – self-concept emerges on the basis of our interpretation of others judgements. The social mirror is then positive or negative depending on what our conclusions are