Monday, April 19th, 1999

Announcements: Next Wednesday---essay questions and short answer list will be distributed

Lecture notes:
I.  Kosovo
    A. So far about one million people have left Kosovo
    B. What is the next step?
    C. Must evaluate situation with criteria setup over the semester:
        1. Who are the relevant actors?
        2. What they want?
        3. What are the circumstances surrounding the affair?
II. What is NATO's goal in bombing Serbia?
    A. The main goal was to get Milosevic to sign the peace treaty
        1. Members of NATO and the KLA are not sure if they will sign the treaty now
    B. What did the treaty contain:
        1. Kosovo would not get autonomy
        2. Kosovo would determine laws
        3. NATO peacekeepers would enforce the peace treaty terms
            a. This is the main reason the Serbs would not sign the treaty in the first place
    C. Why does Milosevic want Kosovo?
        1.  Kosovo is considered the birthplace of Serbian nationalism
            a. Where the Serbs were defeated by the Turks
        2. Milosevic rose to power there
        3. In the late 80s, Milosevic gave a speech there that helped him gain power
            a. In the speech, he told his followers how he was going to regain Kosovo as a Serb territory
            b. Nationalism was the big movement during this time in the region, since Marxism was dying
    D. When Serbs are asked why they are fighting with the neighbors that they lived with so long in peace they said
         it was because they read if they din't attack the ethnic Albanians, the ethnic Albanians were going to attack
         them.
        1.  Milosevic planted this idea so he could stay in power
    E. NATO didn't step in to help Serbs when they were being killed in Croatia, because they were killing the
        Muslims in Bosnia at the time.
    F. NATO didn't want to draw the borders of the former Yugoslovia
        1. That is exactly what the Daytona Accords did
III. Why is NATO still bombing Serbs even if it isn't working?
    A. Because they can not back down --- their reputation is at stake
    B. Also they will lose credibility if they
    C. Gradual strategy of applying force
    D. It is bad to use ground troops becausey of the bad terrain (mountains, woods) in Kosovo
        1. During W.W. II, the guerilla fighters were able to hold off the Germans
        2. Serbs have a disadvantage to the guerilla fighters, because they do not have an ally in Kosovo
        3. Also, it would be hard for both sides to use vehicles (tanks, etc) because of the rough terrain
    E. One problem is that by the time the ground troops get organized, it will take to long
    F. NATO doesn't know if Milosevic will ever change his mind
        1. The objective is not to conqueor territory, but to make him agree to treaty terms
IV. Why could bombing work? What is it doing to Milosevic?
    A. By bombing, it looks as if Milosevic is losing power among his citizens
        1. Economic sanctions
        2. Basis for his power is in the control of the black market
        3. Supporters are in charge of black market
        4. Other basis in the army
            - NATO is degrading the military of Serbia
            - Do not directly protect him
            - Help him can control so he can make claims on how he is helping Serbs
        5. Also, the nationalism is a basis of power
            - gained support because many feel the Serbians identity is being attacked
    B. US Congress has been out of session since the bombing started
        1. When they re meet this week they will discuss Kosovo
        2. The US is a special case democracy because of the checks and balance system
        3.Executive branch has had a large increase in the power of the US actions militarily
            -especially after the Vietnam War
        4. Congress wanted to retain some power, but if it were to make a mistake they want to blame it on the
            president.
        5. For the first time after W.W. II , the US retained a large military
            - the US president is commander in chief of the Armed Forces
        6. President can:
            - not declare war, because they must ask for money from Congress to fight the war
            -inniate military actions on a small scale
            - go to war because of the military is so large without going to Congress
      C. In 1973, before the Vietnam war, Congress felt cheated and lied to
         1. President Johnson wanted to enter war, so he used an incident that wasn't true to get Congressional
                approval (Senate 98-2)
         2.  One thing about that situation would have changed, Congress would have known the truth and
                probably voted differently.
         3.  As a result, in 1973 the War Powers Resolution was passed
               a. Section 2a --- the purpose is to fulfill the intention of the framers and insure that the collective
                                           judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of armed
                                           forces into hostility. (Purpose and Policy)
              b. Section 3 -- the President should in every possible instance shall consult Congress before the
                                        introduction of US Armed Forces into hostility. (Consultation)
            c. Section 4a--- In absence of declaration of war, in any case in which US Armed Forces are introduced,
                                      the President shall submit within 48 hours to the Speaker of the House and the President
                                      Pro temporo of the Senate a  report in writing setting forth circumstances necessitating the
                                     introduction of USAF. ( Reporting)
            d. Section 5b -- Within 60 days after reporting is submitted and is required to be submitted pursuant to
                                     section section 4a (1) which is earlier.  President shall terminate any use of USAF....unless
                                     Congress (1) has declared war and has enacted a specific authorization for such use of
                                    USAF, (2) has intended by law , such 60 day period, or ( physically unable to meet.
                                    (Congressional Action)
    4. Legislative Veto
        a. Supreme Court declared the Resolution illegal
        b. Helps keep checks and balances
        c. President has the right to veto
        d. Congress is vetoing executive legal/illegal
        e. INS vs. Chad Hobes
             - Congress tried to interfer