Monday, February 22nd, 1999

Announcements: Paper is due at the begining of the period on Wednesday.

Lecture notes:
I. Current Events
    A. Kurds
        1. One of their factious leaders, Abdullah Ocalan, was arrested in Kenya for crimes in
            Turkey
            a. He was fighting with Turkey, so that the Kurds could have their own nation.
            b. Had an alliance with Greece, and that is why Turks hated him even more
                i. Greeks and Turks have a long standing hatred, so when ever they can take opposite
                    sides they do.
        2. Kurds protested at Israel embassies throughout Europe.
            a. Kurds believe that Israel special forces were responsible for the arrest.
            b. At the Israeli embassy in Berlin, Kurds were shot by a security guard when they
                stormed the embassy.
        3. Kurds are a they, not an it
            a. They are mountain people
            b. No one is really sure what their exact origin is
        4.  They are a classic example of a nationalism because they are a nation without a state.
            a. They live in parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria.
                1. Only thing they can all agree on is that the Kurds should not have their own state.
            b. They have been trying to obtain autonmy, since the early 20th century, but have been
                unsucessful thus far.
        5. The Kurds have 2 major factions
            a. Some are allied with countries such as Iran and Syria.
            b. They have to be divided to survive
                i. they know that they can not fight a country, their army is not large enough
        6. Keep reading about the Kurds, questions about them could appear on the exam.
II. Socialism
    A. Not a dead practice of government, just not many countries are willing to admitt that they
         are socialists.
    B. The ideology for socialism develops in the 19th century
        1. Developed in particularly in Western Europe, especially in France and England
    C. Developed as a reaction to industrialism that was sweeping through Europe.
        1. Watts invented the steam engine
        2. Invention of factories
        3. Goods and services are produced at a higher quality, increasing the quality of life.
    D. Utopian socialists- react to the problems of the mass in cities where they lived in poverty
    E.  Some argue that industrialism created more poverty, reality is that it didn't.
        1. During the feudal system, peasants lived on small plots of land and hoped they would
            survive from season to season.
        2. Also during this time, there were fewer people.
            a. During the industrial revolution, health care got better which meant more children
                survived to adulthood.
            b. During this time, London population explodes because of people had more children.
            c. The more people, meant more workers for the factory.
        3. During the 19th century there was migration from the countryside to the cities.
        4. They thought they would find better health care, food supply and housing in the city
     F. Urban Sprawl- a term used to describe what happened when the urban elite were made
        more aware of poverty in cities.
        1. When the poverty was restricted mainly to the countryside, the elite were able to ignore
            it.
        2. Charles Dickens played a large role in this through his writings of what life was like in the
            lower class of Europe at the time.
            a. His stories were published in newspapers a series
            b. They were really popular
III.  Pastral/ Utopian Socialism
  A. Called for a return to the way society was before the industrial revolution.
       1. Wanted those living in poverty to return to the countryside, so they could live better.
       2. Not all could live better, because some didn't remember how to survive in the
                countryside.
  B. In almost all European countries and the United States, some form of socialism exists.
  C. The most famous theories was Robert Owen.
       1. Too many people to relocate
       2. Fundamentally impartical
   D. Theroy peaked in popularity in the 19th century
   E. Failed because it couldn't solve basic problems
IV. Another form of Socialism
    A. Goal: Changes how industialism affects society
    B. Sweden is a socialist nation
        1. Government owns most of the factories
    C. Public ownship is a major element of this ideology
    D. Modern societies contain these parts of socialism to some degree
       1. Any program that is used to offset the effects of industrialism is a form of socialism
        Example: Welfare, Universal Health Care
        2. In the US only about 5% of the budget goes to these types of programs
        3. In Europe, they spend a lot more on such programs.
    E. It deals with modifying government to adapt to socialist ideas.
V. Marxism
    A. Is a dramatic shift
    B. Marx took support of the government and made it an ideology
        1. His "scientific" view of history is very important to Marxism
        2. Denounced capitalism
        3. Wrote opus magnum, Das Kapital where he defined his theory
    C. Dialecticism- orginated in the work of German philosopher George Hegel
        1. It is the view of history that states that the progression of man is economically
            determined in stages of action and reaction to the existing order, bring the political
            system to higher sate of perfection
        2. Dialectic creates three things:
            a. the thesis
            b. the antithesis- which is the opposite of the thesis
            c. the synthesis - which is the result of the struggle between the thesis and antithesis
                                      where something entirely new forms.
        3. Marx used this theory to apply to history
    D. Economic determinism - all politics are fundamentall driven by economics
        1. Used to explain events in history and in current events
    E. Utopian Primitism is communism
        1. Considered ideal state
        2. Small groups of people living together
        3. It is a return to village/community life
        4. Interaction on a more intimate level
        5. Characterized by equality
    F. Slave society
        1. First classes:
            a. Kings
            b. His servants
            c. Slaves
        2. Ancient Eygpt were their archetypes
VI.  Middle Ages
   A. As people become more skilled they are more specialized
   B. Means of production becomes more complex
   C. Craftsmen---Blacksmith
        1. Owns his own tools
        2. To bring his craft to the next level he must have better tools
        3. Better tools are very expensive, and he can't afford them
        4. A richer producer owns better tools, so the blacksmith goes to work for him
    D. There is tension between the workers and the producers
    E. Capitalism wins in the end
        1. Made up of two groups:
            a. the producters
            b. the laborers
    F. Marx believes that companies should be owned by the workers
    G. It all comes full circle back to the Utopian
        1. Government must do it
    H. He believes that after a while the government is not needed anymore
    I. Favors capitalism because of what it does for a country, but tension is the problem
    J. Marxism believes this process is inevitable
        1. He spends most of his life trying to gain support for his theory
VII. Lenin
    A. He was a Russian, who is frustrated with living in an unindustrialized country
    B. Marxism is German
    C. Lennon believes Russians government should be over thrown
    D. Has no workers
    E. He believes that he can skip steps in Marxism through superior organization
    F. Uses the few factories that he does have to create a workers revolution
    G. Lenin becomes a dicator in Russia -- he hopes that he can lead the country so it can leap
        ahead of Western Europe.
    H. Later in the 20th century, Stalin and Mao took Lenin's ideas to the extreme.
        1. Mao took Marxism from an industrialized theory to an argicultural peasant theory