Friday, February 12th, 1999

Announcements:  We took a quiz on Asia. The next map quiz will be on Europe and it will be in two weeks. Be sure to read about the events going on in Jordan for next Friday's class.

Lecture notes:
I. Why study previous events, such as war, today?
    A. History is very important
        1. It can be used to test theories
        2. It can be used as examples
    B. Gives us puzzles to solve/stimulate theories
II. Peloponnesian War
    A. It happened in 5th century Greece, which covered modern Greece and parts of Southern
        Italy and Sicily.
        1. Made up of many city-states
        2. The two most powerful during this time was Athens and Sparta
    B. The war was between Athens and Sparta
        1. It lasted 27 years
III. Sparta
    A. Was a greek city-state
    B. Had slaves called Helots
        1. They revolted frequently
    C. Had the best trained and largest army in Greece
        1. At the age of six, boys were taken away from there families and started their military
            training
        2. They served in the army until their early 60s
    D. It was landlocked
    E. Had the only standing army in Greece
        1. It was the only one with a permanent army, all the other city-states called new armies
            each time they went into battle.
        2. This is one of the reasons their army was so well trained
    F. It had the fewest citizens out of all the city-state
IV. Battles
    A. During this time period battles were fought on large fields
    B. The two battling armies would line up in many rows on either side of the battle field
    C. Each soldier had a shield on their left arm and a spear on their right
        1. The shields were used to protect the person on the left of the soldier
        2. The person on the far right was left unprotected
        3. The general usually fought on the far right end of the line
        4. The general usually did not survive the battles.
    D. Two armies ran at each other when they were a few hundred yards apart
    E. Force of impact could make the spears go through shields and 2/3 soldiers
    F. Each soldier would be pushed by the others behind them
         1. The soldiers in the back would turn around and dig their heels in the ground
    G. Spartans were the first to run in step and have specific battle cries
        1. This usually scared their opponents
V.  Events leading up to the war
    A. Before the war, Athens and Sparta were allies
    B. Athens had the naval power; Sparta had the land power
    C. At the beginning of the 5th century, the Persian Empire started to move west.
        1. The Empire was so large it had four capital cities.
    D. The Persian armies would march into the Greek city-states, and take it over.
        1. If the Greeks resisted, they would kill all the men and sell the woman and children into
            slavery.
    E. The Greek city-states that were being invaded by the Persians went to Athens for help
        because they were allies.
        1. They were Ionians, which were the Greeks in Northern Greece
    F.  The Athenians helped their allies fight the Persians.
        1. The battle took place near Marathon.
        2. The Athenians defeated the Persians.
            a. The Athenians had spears 2 feet longer than the Persians.
            b. This is why they won the battle.
        3. They had a runner run the 26 miles back to Athens to spread the news of the victory.
            a. This is where the modern day marathon originated.
    G. Soon after the defeat at Marathon, the Persian Emperor died--so his son took power.
        1. His son wanted to seek revenge on the Greeks, so he assembled a large army of a few
            hundred thousand men.
        2. There was no way that the Greek city-states could defend themselves against an army of
            this size.
    H. The Athenians went to the Spartans for help.
        1. The Spartans wanted some of the city-states to join together
        2. They also wanted them to abandon their city-states
            a. Athenians did not like the idea of leaving their city-state
            b. The Athenians and its allies decided to engage the Persians at a narrow pass in
                northern Greece.
     I. A few days before the battle, the Spartans sent a few hundred soldiers and a king to aid
        the Athenians.
         1. At the time the Spartans had two kings.
    K. At first the Greeks were winning because they were able to keep the Persians from
         coming through the pass.
          1. One of the Greek soldiers betrayed them, and told the Persians how to get on the other
              side of the mountain so they could fight the Greeks on both sides.
          2. The Greeks saw the Persians moving around the mountain through the secret passage.
          3. The Spartan leader told the Athenian army to retreat back into Greece.
          4. The Spartans were able to hold the Persians back for a while, then there king
              was killed.
              a. The Spartans fell back, but then gained ground to get back the body of their king.
              b. It went back and forth for a while, but soon the Spartans were defeated.
    J. The next battle between the Greeks and the Persians was held on water.
        1. The Persians ended up losing this battle because they were betrayed.
 VI.  The Delian League
        A. Was created after the Athenians defeated the Persians in the naval battle.
        B. The Spartans weren't really interested in fighting the Persians at sea, because it was so
            far away.
            1. So they had a conservative view, which the Athenians did not agree with.
            2. Athenians took control.
        C. It turned into the Athenian Emperor
            1. The Athenian growth in power scared the Spartans.
VII. Why the war?
    A. Two years before the war there was an earthquake in Sparta, which prompted a helot
         (slave) revolt.
        1. The Athenians sent soldier to help the Spartans defeat the revolt.
    B. The Spartans were a monarchy and were afraid of the democratic government of Athens.
        1. In Athens only citizens could vote.
        2. Citizens were men over 20, and was only 5% of the total population
VIII. The war, like all international relations, created a puzzle for future analysts.
    A. Realists' view- states want to balance power
        1. Spartans feared Athenians rise in power
        2. They though it would surpass their own power
        3. Athenians viewed the Spartans as very powerful and wanted to be just as powerful as
            them.
    B. Idealist's view-lack of collective security and institutions
        1. The Athenians and Spartans had no medium in which to talk about a resolution before
            war broke out.