Wednesday, February 3rd, 1999
Announcements: None

Lecture notes:
I. Reason why we want to know who Actors are:
    A. To figure out who we want to keep and who we want to eliminate when we are
         analyzing international relations.
II. States
    A. A large part of a states function is national security
    B. All states have common elements. Example: North Korea and Belgium both have
        Embassies throughout the world.
    C. Metaphor of the State:  The State is like a pyramid

           1. Head of State Leaders
           2. Body of Government
           3. Enfranchised--people who the ruler depends on to help him to stay in power
           4. Dis-enfranchised--"Selectorate"--Does not have a large impact on rulers
    D. Why the Selectorate has changed in size?
        1. Modern war has required a mass mobilization of the population; in the past the fighting
            was left to a small number of  specially trained soldiers
        2. In order for governments to ask its citizens to die for their country, they had to give
            them more power.
        3. This increase of power led to the increase of selectorate.
III. International government organization (IGO) vs. International Government (IG)
    A. International Government organization (IGO) - it links or pairs at least 2 countries
        together. Example- United Nations (important because it has had longevity), NATO
    B. International Organization (IG)- encompasses IGOs and non governmental
        organization (example Red Cross) that links two or more societies together.
    C. Other Examples of IGO:
            1. Alliances- they have been around a long time; they were first seen thousands of
                years ago in Egypt and the Middle East.
    D. Other Examples of IO:
            1. Catholic Church- been around for a thousand years; is often treated as a
                government in the international relations.
    E. IO and IGO have increased a great deal in during the last 30 years.
    F. Both IOs and IGOs have goals---but it is harder for the non-IOs to reach those goals.
IV. Brief History of the United Nations (to describe the IOs and their functions)
    A. Largest body in the United Nations is the General Assembly
        1. Must be a sovereign entity to be a voting member.
    B. Security Council- primary descion-making group
        1. 15 member on the council
        2. There are 5 permanent members---they are the only ones with veto power--United
            States, China, Russia, Britain and France.
        3. Has the majority of the control in the UN
    C. 1950- United States becomes involved in conflict between North and South Korea.
         1. Soviet Union supports the North Koreans
         2. Soviet Union withdraws representative from the United Nations in protest to the actions
            of the United States. ( more specifically the member that sat on the Security Council)
         3. United States wanted the support of the United Nations before it took action on the
            side of South Korea.
         4. The United Nations supported the United States because the Soviet Union's
            representative was absent from the vote on the Security Council.
    D. The United Nations formed under the guidance of the United States and its allies after
           World War II.
    E. The Soviet Union got control of Eastern Europe (satellite nations) and three seats in the
        General Assembly as a bribe to join the United Nations.
         1. The United States makes these concessions so that the Soviet Union would support the
            United Nations.
    F. The United Nations was formed to create stability in the international arena, also to provide
        collective security-- understanding between countries that links their military.
        1. " If you attack one, all the others will fight also."
    G. Because of its large size and rules, the General Assembly has a hard time acting as a
        governing body.
    H. United States benefits from the structure of the UN
    I. The most powerful countries in the world: Japan, Germany and the United States--due to
        economic strength.
V. Institutions of the Cold War:
    A. NATO- the focus was on a military alliance against the Soviet Union
    B. United Nations- principle in charter is democracy
        1. It has no army
        2. United Nations has obligations to attack a nation who attacks a member
        3. The problem with that is nearly all the countries in the world are members of the UN
    C. Differences between the UN and NATO:
        1. The UN has a security guarantee was originally collective security
        2. NATO was formed as a military alliance--the US is legally obligated to attack any
            country who attacks a member of NATO.
        3. Membership in the UN is voluntary--it provides mediation and military alliances
    D. Realists see alliances as a good thing as well as a necessity
        1. Alliances form in reaction to a threat to a country's security.
    E. NATO is now a has more of collective security philosophy, now that the Soviet Union is
        no longer a threat.
    F. New Threat: Russia (official policy of NATO is vague because they don't want to treat
        Russia as a threat, but as a future equal in the international market.
    G. New members of NATO, such as Poland, have joined to seek protection from Russia
    H. International Organizations are plagued with problems, but are extremely possible.