Tuesday, January 26st, 1999
Announcements: Writing assignment due Thursday with new guidelines to follow:
                    Include:
                            1. The scientific question addressed (what they are doing and why they are doing it?)
                            2. Technique (s) used
                            3. Major findings
                            4. Significance of findings (why is this important?)
                    Grading: 4 pt. scale on each category
                            1. Title
                            2. Topic sentences
                            3. Support
                            4. Grammar and punctuation
                            5. Word usage
                            6. Understanding
                    Title: ex.  Yellowstone (which park)
                                   CO2 flux from Old Faithrul (synopsis)
                                   Smith, Evans, Dawson (authors)

• should be concise and to the point; very factual
• about 1 page long

Lecture notes:

earthquakes --- need rock
                        (brittle, cold, hard rock)

• lithosphere- hard, brittle so it can break and cause earthquakes
• asthenosphere- soft, slowly mobile; no earthquakes; can provide lava for volcanoes
• any deep fracture in the lithosphere can be a site of an earthquake and/or volocanoes (PLATE MARGIN)
• Mid-ocean Ridge Fractures- through which oceans get bigger; earthquakes in this environment are very small in comparison to earthquakes in the subduction zone; this is becausr the rock there is soft
• subduction zone- process of "sinking down" caused by earthquakes due to the large amounts of rock sliding past one another
• Volcanoes/earthquakes on islands are nearly the worst because their damage is inescapable

I. Olympic Peninsula

    A. Accretionary prism- triangle shape piece of land that keeps increasing in size because little pieces of
    rock keep getting added to it

    B. Active margin- area near earthquakes and volcanoes; is a plate boundary

    C. Passive margin- area where there are no or little earthquakes or volcanoes

    D. Plants in the park help to erode the land

    E. The beach there is a dark, black sand because the rocks eroding away are black like basalt

    F. Rocks there are sendimentary rocks; layer by layer they were formed; rocks are not laying flat meaning
        that because it's not laying down flat that there must have been several volcanoes in the area

 II. Hydothermal vents
 
    A. Black Smokers
 
        1. A type of  hydrothermal vents (go to http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/geology/videos to view
            hydrothermal vents)

        2. Temperature is about 340 degrees Celcius (water boils at 100 degrees Celcius on our stoves at home)

    B. Questions
 
        1. How can the water be so hot, yet not boil?
 
               a.the pressure is so high at the depth of these hydrothermal vents that it needs an even higher
               temperature to boil the water than normal
                        ex. high altitude directions for cooking are different dur to the low pressure there so the water boils
                              faster, but the food is not cooked

        2. Where does the hot water come from?
                    (question not discussed in class)

        3. Where does the heat come from?
                    (question not discussed in class)

        4. *EXTRA CREDIT 4 pts. : What is the "black smoke" and where does it come from?
            (e-mail answers to furman@geosc.psu.edu before 9 pm Wednesday)