Through Incentive System
    Need Theories of Motivation
    Reinforcement Theory
    Equity Theory
    Expectancy Theory
 

Needs Theories of Motivation
    Motivation is derived from _____________

    Effective incentives = _____________

    Needs _________________

    Same person's needs _______________

    How ID needs (incentives)?
        - Maslow
        - Alderfer
        - McClelland
 

Maslow's Needs Hierarchy
    Fill-In figure below:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Tension-Reduction Hypothesis = unmet need __________________________

    ____________, more basic needs met first
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Alderfer's ERG Theory

       Need Name                   Actual Needs                   Level

    Frustration-regression hypothesis
        = when trouble meeting a need, ______________________________
 
 

    2 exceptions to Frustration-reg. hyp.

        1) failure to met existence need leads to _________________________

        2) meeting a growth need leads to greater ________________________
 
 
 

McClelland's Theory

    3 intrinsic needs:

          Achievement                       Affiliation                             Power

Answer:      ________________
 

    Good managers = Npow > Naff
 
 
 

Behaviorist Reinforcement Theory

    No internal states (e.g., motivation)

    Behavior = ____________________

    Consequences of beh. affect _______________________

   Incentives = reinforcers
   Deterrents = punishers
 

                              Add                           Remove

    Positive
 
 
 
 

    Negative
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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    Reinforcement Schedules

        _______________ = reinforced after every correct behavior

        _______________ = reinforced after some correct behaviors
 
 

Partial Reinforcement Schedules

        Ratio schedules = reinforced after ____________________________

            Fixed-ratio = # doesn't change

            Variable-ratio = # within a range

            * Reward _______________ of time takes *

            Assumes ____________________________
            What about norms, economy, broken equipment?
            If group feels $/piece ê , then slows
 

        Interval schedules = correct behavior reinforced after __________________________

            Fixed-interval = doesn't change

            Variable-interval = within a range

            * Reward independent of ______________ *
 
 

Equity Theory

    Effort depends on _____________________________

    Person compares input to output ratio to referent other's
 
 
 
 
 
 

    If you work harder for less = tension
    If you work less for more = tension
 

    To ê tension:
        - ________________

        - ________________

        - ________________

        - ________________
 

        Empirical support for disadvantageous inequity
        Not as much support for advantageous inequity
 
 

Vroom's Expectancy Theory
    Effort   è     Performance     è     Outcomes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    *** If any = 0, then Effort = 0 ***