Lecture Goals
    To introduce causal attribution & attribution errors
    To introduce social facilitation/loafing
    To introduce expectancy effects
 

Corresponding Readings
    Chapter 4 (Performance Appraisal)
 
 

Causal Attribution
    Kelley (1971)
        We consider 3 things:
            1) __________ of behavior

            2) __________ of behavior

            3) __________ of behavior
 

            __________ = Is performance unique to person or do others beh. similarly?
 
 

            __________ = Is performer's beh. similar to _____ beh. in _____  situations?
 

            __________ = Is performer's beh. similar to _____ beh. in _____ situations?
 
 

                                                                          Yes                                     No

    Fill-in Knowlton & Mitchell (1980) graph below:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Fundamental Attribution Error
        = over emphasize role of _________ characteristics

        = under emphasize role of __________
 
 

    Actor-Observer Bias
            Observer - blames __________ factors

            Actor - blames __________ factors
 
 

    Self-Serving Bias
        When outcome is good = we assume ___________________________

        When outcome is bad = we _______________________
 
 
 

     Self-Handicapping
        = strategy to protect _____________
        = actively sabotage own perf.
 
 
 

Expectancy Effects
    People are susceptible to power of suggestion
    We live up to others expectations (+ or -)
    Appraisal sets new expectations
 

    Fill-in Dov Eden (late 1990's) figure below:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

        _____________  Effect = + leadership expectation = + perf.

        _____________ Effect = + self expectation = + perf.

        _____________ Effect = - expectations = - perf.
 
 

The Presence of Evaluators
    Evaluation can change performance
        - knowledge of evaluation
        - fear of failure/punishment

    How? Affects stress & é or ê motivation
 
 

    Hawthorne Studies
        Examine the effects of the physical work environment on productivity

        Productivity é independently of manipulations

        ______________= when people perform differently because they are aware
                                           that they are being evaluated
 
 

Social Facilitation
    Fill-in Norman Triplett's lab experiment graph below:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Not just in competitive situations
    Audience effects (home field advantage)

    Q - Why do we perform differently when others are present?

    A - _______________________________________________________________________

        Fill-in performance graph below:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Easy/Well-learned Tasks

        Presence of others ______________

        ______________usually = é performance
 
 

Social Impairment
    Difficult/New Tasks

    Presence of others ________________

 _________________arousal usually = ê performance
 
 

Social Loafing
    Group assessments
    Group projects = Assessed as team
    Slackers!!!

    When groups are evaluated
        - _________________________

        - _________________________

        - _________________________l
 

    Simple Tasks
        When evaluate group, member perf. _____

        ** When evaluate as individuals _______ **
 

    Complex Tasks
        When evaluate group, member perf. _____

         Why?

            - ________________________

            - ________________________

        ** Assumes no slackers *
 
 

    Fill-in summary chart below: