Lecture Goals
    To introduce Social Psychology
    To introduce the effects that the presence of others can have on beh.
 
 

Corresponding Readings
    pgs. 549 - 567, 585 - 587
 
 
 

Others Influence Our Behaviors
    Normative Social Influence (norms) = ___________________________________________
 

    Informational Social Influence = _______________________________________________
 
 
 

    Informational & Normative Influences play a role in:
        - Conformity
        - Compliance
        - Anonymity (Deindividuation)
        - Decision making (Bystander effect)
 
 

Conformity = ______________________________________________

    "Come on...everybody is doing it"
    Asch (1955) studies
 
 
 
 
 

    True subject always responded last
    Confederates correct 76% of time
    When confederates pick wrong line so did subject more than 33% of time

    Most likely to conform when:
        - we feel _______________

        - group = ______________

        - no __________________

        - _________________ group

        - being right ______________

        - social outcome __________
 
 

Compliance
    Obey a command

    "I was just following orders"

    Holocaust

    Milgrim Shock Studies

        ___________ of "teachers" shocked _____________

        Teachers displayed _______________________

        Ethics!!

        No emotional aftereffects
 
 

    Most likely to obey when:

        - ____________________ figure

        - _________________

        - victim ________________________

        - no dissenter
 
 

Deindividuation
     "Getting lost in the crowd"

        - increased sense of _________________

       - decreased sense of _________________
 

    When people feel more anonymous:
        1) feel less accountable for their actions
        2) decreased awareness of "self" & own moral  standards
 
 
 

    Feeling less accountable for actions

        increased anonymity = P(increased deviant/aggres. beh.)

        Zimbardo (1970) Experiment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Can this be used to promote + beh.?
    Ex. Teamwork & Football Team

    Downing & others (1979) Experiment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Decreased awareness of "self" & morals
        Hard to attend to 2 things at once (read text and sing fight song)
        More we focus on others, environ., less we focus on ourselves & our morals
        Role of drugs/alcohol
 
 
 

Bystander Intervention
    Seinfeld & Good Samaritan Law
    Kitty Genovese story (1964)
    19 yr. old Maryland woman (1986)
    Coin/pencil dropping story
    Beer store story
    Good Samaritan Lecturers
 
 
 
 

    The presence of others serves to:
        1) define the situation as trivial
        2) diffuse responsibility
 
 

    Defining the situation as trivial

        Most emergencies begin ambiguously
            - man lying in street
            - scream
 

        Look to others for information

        ___________________________ = everyone misleads everyone else by defining the situation as trivial
 

        Smoke in waiting room story
 
 
 
 

        Hurt foot story
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Diffusion of responsibility

        When emergency is clear
            - Kitty Genovese story
            - Maryland women story

        Neighbors couldn't see each other, but each knew that others were present

        "Certainly someone else MUST have done something by now, or will"
 

        Intercom story
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Role of helping models
        As soon as 1 helps others come too
            - subway story
            - flat tire story

    Awareness of "Bystander Intervention"
        - Male sprawled out on hallway floor
        "awares" = 43% reported
        "unawares" = 25% reported
 

    Characteristics of victim
        More similar to us, more likely to aid
            - dime story
            - election day story