Lecture Goals
    Introduce Perspectives on Personality
    Introduce Freud & His Ideas
 

Corresponding Readings
    Chapter 14
 

Introduction
    Personality = characteristic ___________________________________________
                        = serves to distinguish us from one another
 

    4 Perspectives on Personality
        - Psychoanalytic
        - Trait
        - Phenomenological (Humanistic)
        - Social-Cognitive
 

Psychoanalytic Approach
    Sigmund Freud's Theory
    1st comprehensive theory of personality

    Mind = ______________________________

        Tip (above water, visible) = ____________
 
        Body (below water) = _______________
 

    Unconscious Mind
        Includes thoughts, desires, repressed memories we are ____________

        Influences daily lives

        Dreams & Freudian slips
 
 
 

    Personality arises from conflict:

                Biological Desires                     vs.                     Social Rules
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

    Personality Structure:
        Id
            - Unconscious

            - Goal = satisfy ________________

            - Operates on _____________________= when unrestrained seek immediate gratification
 
 

    Superego
        - Partially conscious

        - Goal = ______________________________

        - Demands often oppose Id

        - Overbearing = ____________________

        - Weak = _________________________
 
 

    Ego
        - Mediates Id vs. Superego conflicts

        - Goal = ___________________________

        - Operates on ____________________= seeks to gratify Id in socially acceptable ways
 
 
 

     Personality Development

            Personality determined in first ___________________________

            = how learn to handle anti-social impulses in socially accept. ways

            5 Stages of Psychosexual Development
                - Oral
                - Anal
                - Phallic
                - Latency
                - Genital

                - Each stage corresponds to an ________________________

                - Few complete all 5 stages

                - Many _____________ at 1 stage
 

            Oral Stage (0 - 1 yr.)
                Infants = unbridled pleasure seekers

                Focus = __________________________

                Frustration = dependence

                Fixation = ___________________________
 

            Anal Stage (2 - 3 yrs.)
                Child = 1st encounter ________________
 
                Focus = _________________________

                Frustration = learn cog./motor resp.

                Fixation = __________________________________________________________
 

            Boy's Phallic Stage (4 - 5 yrs.)
                Oedipus Complex
                    - sexual desire for mom
                    - dad is rival
                    - dad wants mom, will castrate son

                    Castration anxiety
                        - anxiety is too much
                        - boy renounces feelings for mom and identifies with dad
                        - uses dad as model
 
 

            Girl's Phallic Stage (4 - 5 yrs.)
                Penis Envy
                - mom doesn't have one
                - dad does
                - attraction to dad
                - mom knows of attraction to dad
                - hate mom
                - girl renounces feelings for dad and identifies with mom
 
 

            Latency Stage (7 - puberty)
                    Period of rest - No development
 

            Genital Stage (puberty)

                _____ = sexual energy

                Drove personality development

                Now drives sexual behavior

                Feelings for opposite sex = reminder of feelings for parent & resulting trauma
                                                             = source of anxiety
 
 

    Defense Mechanisms
        - Unconscious
        - Enacted when ego fears losing control of Id -Superego conflict
 

        __________ = banish anxiety-producing thoughts & feelings from consciousness

        __________ = return to earlier stage of dev.

        ____________________= ego transforms unacceptable thought to opposite

        Projection = place own impulses _____________________

        Rationalization = generate alternative reason for beh. _________________________

        Displacement = ___________________________ to more acceptable object
 

    Assessing Personality
        Freud - dreams, hypnosis, trances
 

        Modern day - ____________________

            = ___________ thoughts/feelings to neutral or ambiguous items

            = scoring problems
 
 

Trait Approach
    ______________ personality, NOT explains

    People have traits = ____________________________________

    Personality profile = set of traits

    BIG 5 Personality Traits
        Emotional stability
        Extroversion
        Openness
        Agreeableness
        Conscientiousness

    What about Situational Dependence?

       Trait scales ____________predict beh. for a particular situation

        = predict _______________
 
 

Phenomenological Approach
    Includes "humanistic" concepts
        - focus on qualities that differentiate animals & humans

    Focus on the "____________f"

   ________ View of human nature
 
 

    "Self"
            = center of personality

            = answer to question "_____________"

            = sense of identity & __________________

            = ________________ of thoughts, feelings, memories (POV, self-relevance)
 

    Assessing the Self
        Questionnaires & Interviews
            - greater match between real & ideal selves = __________________________
 

    Human nature is basically good
    People work to better themselves

    Ex. person-centered therapy

        - therapist = sounding board
        - client = analyzer, solver
 
 

        Optimal environ. for self-growth (therapy)

            1) __________ = open, honest, disclosing

            2) __________ = unconditional + regard

            3) empathetic = listeners show _______________________________
 
 

Social-Cognitive Approach
    Personality
        = determined by our __________ beliefs about our __________ with the __________

    Locus of Control
        = learned feelings of personal control

        2 types:
                Internal Locus of Control = ___________________________________

                    Promotes:
                        - achievement
                        - independence
                        - coping & less depression
                        - health & happiness
 

                External Locus of Control = perceive ___________________________
                                                            = chance, environ., others control outcomes

                    Promotes psychological & behavioral problems
 
 
 

    Learned Helplessness = when outcomes (bad) unavoidable
                                            = learn not to try to avoid

                    - nursing homes
                    - work (Woolworth story)
                    - college tests

        ** Carries over to controllable situations **