Lecture Goals
    Introduce Types of Memory
    Introduce Memory Processes
    Introduce Forgetting
    Introduce Ways to Improve Memory
 

Corresponding Readings
    Chapter 9
 

Processes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Encoding
    = process for getting info. from _______ into _____________________

    Story Demonstration
 

    Usually encode _______, NOT verbatim

    Encoding formats
        - verbal (words)
        - acoustic (sounds)
        - visual (images, colors)
        - spatial (locations)
        - kinesthetic (body movements)
 

Storage
    = process for _______________________________________
    = holding info. after environmental item removed
 
 

Sensory Storage
    = hold info. in relatively unprocessed form

        Demonstrations:
            - Flashlight/Mouse Demonstration
            - Clapping Rhythm
 

        Iconic Memory (Visual Store)
            - Holds 9-10 items
            - Lasts 200-400 ms

        Echoic Memory (Auditory Store)
        - Holds 5 items
        - Lasts 1-2 seconds
 

    Q - Why need sensory storage?

    A - ____________________
 
 
 

Short-term Storage

    Why need STM?
        1) Info. stored in STM to move into LTM
        2) Info. from LTM to STM to response

   Capacity:
        - "chunk"

        - __________ chunks

        - as much as you can say in ______________
 

    Duration
        - Seconds

    Maintenance rehearsal = ____________________
 

Long-term Storage
    Capacity Debate
        - We forget things, LTM is limited
        - LTM is limitless, we lose ability to retrieve info.?

    Content = __________ + ________________

    Use consistencies to reconstruct mem.

    False memories
        - feel real
        - PET scans (hippo. & temp. lobe)

    ** Mem. = mix of real & imagined event **
 

    Eyewitness testimony
        misinformation effect = exposure to subtle misinfo. creates ________________________
 

    _____ Emotion = _____ Memory

        Flashbulb Memory
            - 1st kiss
            - Challenger explosion

        Flashbacks - PTSD

        Why? - ____________________________________
 
 

Retrieval
    Info. from LTM back to STM
    LTM = web of associations

    Key to retrieval
        cues = reminders of relevant info.
                 = surf web to related info. (RED)
 

Forgetting
    Encoding Failures
    Storage Failures
    Retrieval Failures
 

Encoding Failures
    Selective Attention
        - Never attend to some info.
        - Never gets in to memory system
 

Storage Failures
    Selected info. stalls in STM
        - Requires rehearsal to go on to LTM
        - Maintenance v. Elaborative rehearsal
        - Elaboration promotes better LTM
 

Retrieval Failures
    Lose cue to information
        Motivated forgetting
            - Protect self-image
            - Repressed memories
            - Freud's psychoanalysis

    Confuse cues for information
        Proactive Interference
            - Something learned _____ interferes with recall of info. learned _____

        Retroactive Interference
            - Something learned _____ interferes with recall of info. learned _____
 

Amnesia
    Infantile Amnesia (very little before age 3)
        Why?
            Memory structures not in place? -no
            Repressed Memories? -no
            Lose retrieval cues??
            Collapse them into general memory??
 

    Anterograde Amnesia
        Caused by damage to hippocampus
        Disrupts long-term memory
        Can't form any permanent _____ memories
        Stuck in time
 

    Retrograde Amnesia
        Caused by head injury
        Disrupts long-term memory
        Can't remember anything _________
        Loss of past
 

    Dissociative Amnesia
        Sudden loss of identity due to psychological trauma
 

    Dissociative Fugue
        Dissociative amnesia + ___________________ in NEW area
        Ex. - The Long Kiss Goodnight
 

Aging
    ___________ intellegence = knowledge and verbal skills

                                                   = ________ with age
 
 

    __________ intellegence =  abilities to reason abstractly

                                                 = _____ from early to middle adulthood
 
 

Alzheimer's Disease
    Damage to hippocampus & other brain areas
    Gradual increase in memory loss

    Why?
        - genetics
        - virus?
        - excessive aluminum?
 

Improving Memory
    Elaboration (Elaborative Rehearsal)
        Study for understanding
        Map new info. to prior knowledge
        Rephrase info. into your words
        Make info. self-relevant (ask questions)

    Imagery
        Use mental pictures (cerebellum)
        Focus on relationships
        Method of Loci & Peg word mnemonic
 

    Organize Materials
        Simple recall - Chunk (up to 80 digits)
        Categorization - Outlines/hierarchies
        Sequences/Groupings - Acronyms [For an A DO]
 

    Context Effects
        Match encoding and retrieval contexts
        Promotes retrieval cues
        Moods
        State-dependent memory (drunk)
        Deja Vu - new context cues old mem.