Lecture Goals
    Introduce Learning
    Introduce Theories of Learning
 

Corresponding Readings
    Chapter 8
 

Definition
    = A relatively permanent change in one's behavior because of ________________

        Experience    - in an environment
                                - in a context
 
 

    Basis of education, therapy, games, etc.
 
 

Learn Consistencies
    Associations
    Contingencies (Expectancies)
    Rules
    Relationships
 

Behaviorism
    Psychology should be based on ________________ behaviors

    Not motives, inner thoughts, beliefs

    Classical Conditioning (learning)

    Operant Conditioning (learning)
 

Classical Conditioning

    Learn _________________ among stimuli

    Involves temporal pairing

    Does ___________ involve rewards/punishment

    Microwave bell - food - salivate
    Doctor - shot - pain
    Dentist - drill - pain
    Pavlov's dog story
 

    Unconditioned Stimulus [UCS]
        - __________________

        - _____________ evokes body response

        - food, loud noise
 

    Unconditioned Response [UCR]
        - ____________________

        - _____________ body response

        - salvation, nausea
 

    Conditioned Stimulus [CS]
        - ____________________________ stimulus (bell)

        - paired with UCS( bell - food)

        - precedes UCS
 

    Conditioned Response [CR]
        - ________________________ with CS

        - natural body response

        - salvation, nausea
 

    1) Food[UCS] - Salivation[UCR]
    2) Bell[CS] - Food[UCS] - Salivation[UCR]
    3) Bell[CS] - Salivation[CR]
 
 
 

    Extinction
        = when ____________________________

        = ______________ level of CR (salivation) ________________
 

    Spontaneous Recovery

        = CR _____________!!

        = CR is________________

    ** Shows extinction _______________________ **
 

    Generalization
        Dog ______________________

        = _________________________
        Little Albert
        Single traumatic event learning (phobias, car learning, rape, robbery)
        Chemotherapy patients & food
 
 

    Discrimination
        Dog ______________________
        = adaptive

        = diff. stimuli require _____________________

        Ex. Chemotherapy patients and maple ice cream
 
 

Operant Conditioning
    Learn ___________________ associations

    Involves temporal pairing

    Does involve ____________________

    ** Consequences ______________________________ **
 

    Reinforcers (Rewards)

        = ___________ outcome that _________________ P(beh. reoccur)

        = tangible ($$$) or inherent (praise)
 
 
 

    Positive Reinforcers

        = _______________ P(beh. reoccur) by _______________________ a behavior

        If I ___, then I get ___.

        = food, praise, attention, grade, $$$
 
 
 

    Negative Reinforcers

        = ____________ P(beh. reoccur) by ___________________________ a behavior

        If I ___, ___ disappears.

        = alarm, seat belt buzzer, test anxiety
 
 

    Reinforcement Schedules

        Continuous Reinforcement
            = desired response reinforces beh. ______________ time it occurs

            = ____________ learning & extinction

            = rare in real life
 
 

        Partial Reinforcement
            = desired response _________________ reinforced (slot machine, child)

             = ________ learning
 
            = _____________ resistance to extinction
 
 
 

    Continuous + Partial Reinforcement

        = _____________ learning

        = ____________ to extinction
 
 
 

    Reinforcement WARNINGS!!

        Hard to _____________________

        Reinforcer _________________ (e.g., peers)

        Reinforcer ___________________ over time

        Reinforcer must be __________________

        Overjustification effect

        Reinforce group or individual?

        Seen as manipulative
 
 
 

    Punishment
        = any outcome that ________________ P(beh. reoccur)

        = NOT tell what correct behavior is

        ___________ be immediate!!

        ___________ be consistent!!

        _____________ intensity = ______________ results (vs. ethics)
 

        Problems with Punishment
            What is taught?
                    - avoid behavior ______________
 

                    - ________ to punish
 

                    - punisher teaches ___________
 

                    - __________ the punisher
 

                    - _____________sense of control
 

            Punisher or Reinforcer?
                Bad Billy & teacher story
                Bratty child story
                Peer response
 

        Using Punishment Effectively
            Couple with ___________________

            Couple with ___________________
 
 

    Application Stories
        Tardy football players
        Kids & day sleeper
 
 

Modeling
    = process of ________________________

    Models most effective when ____________

    Imitate ___________________ behavior

        - Bobo doll story
        - T.V. Violence
 

Other Ideas
    Set a ___________ goals

    Promote increased _____________

    Provide ____________________

    Promote memory (Ch. 9)