Friday April 23,1999
Announcements: Remember, test is during the final period. That is Friday at 2:30 in this room.

Lecture notes:

Definition: a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

Cancer causes 23% of all deaths in the U.S. today.

Tobacco causes 30% of all cancer deaths.

1 in 3 people will get cancer in his/her lifetime.

The 5 year survival rate for cancer in now 50%.

1900's 1930's 1940's 1960's 1990

few surgery 20% radiation 25% chemo therapy 40% Detection & prevention 50%

Benign: not recurrent

Cancer promoter: an agents that encourages metastasis.

Carcinogen: an agent which is able to transform a cell into a cancer cell.

Carcinoma: malignant tumor made up of epithelial cells.

Cocarcinogen: an environmental agent which acts with another to cause cancer.

Leukemia: cancer of blood forming tissues.

Lymphoma: cancer of lymphatic tissues.

Malignant: treating to cause death

Metastasis: when cancer cells migrate to other parts of the body to set up new tumors.

Primary Cancer: one that originates at a site.

Sarcoma: malignant tumor arising in connective tissue.

Secondary cancer: tumors that have arisen as a result of metastasis.

Smoking kills over 419,000 people per year in the United States. (20%)

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S.

In 1987, lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death in women.

Cancers Caused by Tobacco
1. Lung
2. Oral
3. Larynx
4. Esophagus
5. Kidney
6. Bladder
7. Pancreas
8. Stomach
9. Cervix
10. Breast cancer
11. Leukemia

Four groups of Carcinogens in Tobacco.

1. Benzo(a)pyrenes
2. Heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, nickel)
3. Nitrosamines
4. Radiation (²¹⁰Pb and polonium)

The level of nitrosamines in cigarette tobacco is 100x that which is allowed by the FDA in cured mets, alcohol, and cosmetics.

The level of nitrosamines in chewing tobacco and snuff is 1000x higher.

**Tobacco is regulated by the Department of Agriculture not the FDA**

1. Childhood cancer rates are 50% higher in children who's mothers smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day during pregnancy.
2. Cancer rates doubled for 3 cancers in the study: Wilm's Tumor (kidney)
   non-Hodkins lymphoma
   acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
3. For ALL the more a mother smoked during pregnancy, the more likely for ALL to appear in her child.
4. Men's smoking also is found to increase childhood cancer rates.