Wednesday February 10, 1999
Announcements: Exam next Friday February 19^th.

Lecture notes:

Good News about Fungi:
* nature's recycler
* antibiotics
* edible mushrooms
* production of chemicals (bioprocessing)
* cheeses
*soy sauce
*yeast to make bread rise
*yeast to make beer and wine

Bad News about Fungi
* Dutch Elm disease
* blights, mildews, rusts and smuts in plants
*athlete's foot
*jock itch
*candida albicans
*"poison" mushrooms
*ring worm
*verticillium wilt on plants
*ergotism (Claviceps purpurea)
Infected rye and other grains harbor a toxin produced by the fungus. This toxin affects nerves and smooth muscle.
Symptoms include: hysteria, hallucinations, convulsions, vomiting and diarrhea
*aflatoxin (aspergillas flavis)

Symbiosis: A mutually beneficial relationship involving continuous, intimate contact between interacting species.

Mycorrhiza: Combination of plant structures and fungal hyphae. The fungus regulates to flow of dissolved mineral ions
into the plant. The plant provides carbohydrate to the fungus.

Lichens: Symbiotic relationship between a sac or club fungi and a photosythetic partner ( a cyanobacterium or green
alga). The photosynthetic partner gains a new habitat, the fungi gets free food.

Two definitions needed to start: Gametophyte-gamete producing body. Gametophytes have haploid cells.
(Male gametophytes are pollen grains in angiosperms, female gametophytes are the
embryo sacs in angiosperms)

Sporophyte-spore producing body. What we call "the plant" is the spore producing
body. It has diploid cells. The sporophyte makes the gametophyte.

The Knigdom includes aquatic and land forms.
Plants are photosynthetic autrophs.

Almost all of these plants live in a vey moist environment.
I. Mosses (Liverworts and Hornworts)
* These plants don't have a true vascular system.
* They have anchoring structures.
* They like moist areas.
* They are all small plants.

This group (the Bryophytes) is the only group of land plants where the gametophyte (gamete producing body) is the independent form and the sporophyte is dependent upon it. (Haploid dominant)

II. Ferns and Fern Allies
* They like moist areas.
* They have a true vascular system.
* They have an alternate gametophyte/sporophyte life cycle where the gametophyte is free living.

1. Gymnosperm (means "naked" seed bearing)
   * These plants bear seeds in the form of cones.
   * The gametophyte is totally dependent on the sporophyte.
   * They all have a true vascular system.
   * They have true roots
   Examples: ginkos, conifers, junipers, yews
2. Angiosperm (means flowering plant)
   * This is the most numerous species of plant.
   * They all have a true vascular system.
   * They are divided into monocots and dicots.
   Monocots: (short for monocotyledon) means the seeds have embryos with one seed leaf (1 cotyledon)
   The floral parts are arranged in 3's. The leaves are parallel veined.
   Dicots: (short for dicotyledon) Means the seeds have embryos with 2 seed leaves (2 cotyledon). They
   usually have floral parts arranged in 4 or 5 or multiples of 4 or 5. They generally have net veined
   leaves.
   Examples:
   Monocots Dicots
   grasses peas
   palms beans
   lilies roses
   irises cotton
   orchids apple trees
   corn cabbage
   rice magnolias
   rye poppies
   barley
   domesticated grasses
   (wheat, rye)

* The part of the plant which is underground (usually)
* Its purpose is to absorb and direct water and minerals to other parts of the plant.
* It often stores food.
* It anchors and supports the plant.
* There are two common root systems: 1. Tap root (carrot)
2. Fibrous root (grass)

* Grows above ground (usually)
* Photosynthesis primarily takes place in the leaves.
* has vascular tissue that transports water, minerals and organic solutes.
* Stem provides support for upright growth.
* Some parts store food.
* Leaves provide a large surface area for photosynthesis.